Dirac concentrations in Lotka-Volterra parabolic PDEs

We consider parabolic partial differential equations of Lotka-Volterra type, with a non-local nonlinear term. This models, at the population level, the darwinian evolution of a population; the Laplace term represents mutations and the nonlinear birth/death term represents competition leading to selection. Once rescaled with a small diffusion, we prove that the solutions converge to a moving Dirac mass. The velocity and weights cannot be obtained by a simple expression, e.g., an ordinary differential equation. We show that they are given by a constrained Hamilton-Jacobi equation. This extends several earlier results to the parabolic case and to general nonlinearities. Technical new ingredients are a BV estimate in time on the non-local nonlinearity, a characterization of the concentration point (in a monomorphic situation) and, surprisingly, some counter-examples showing that jumps on the Dirac locations are indeed possible. Key-Words: Integral parabolic equations, adaptive dynamics, asymptotic behavior, Dirac concentrations, population dynamics. AMS Class. No: 35B25, 35K57, 49L25, 92D15